All Issue

2020 Vol.36, Issue 9 Preview Page

Research Article

Liquefaction Characteristic of Pohang Sand Based on Cyclic Triaxial Test

진동삼축시험을 통한 포항 지역 사질토의 액상화 저항 특성 연구

Byongyoun Hwang1
,
Jin-Tae Han2*
,
Jongkwan Kim3
,
Tae-Young Kwak4
황 병윤1
,
한 진태2*
,
김 종관3
,
곽 태영4
1Member, Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Eng., Seoul National Univ.
2Member, Research Fellow, Korea Institute of Civil Eng. and Building Technology
3Member, Senior Researcher, Korea Institute of Civil Eng. and Building Technology
4Member, Post-Doctoral Researcher, Korea Institute of Civil Eng. and Building Technology
1정회원, 서울대학교 건설환경공학부 박사과정
2정회원, 한국건설기술연구원 연구위원
3정회원, 한국건설기술연구원 수석연구원
4정회원, 한국건설기술연구원 박사후연구원
* Corresponding Author
30 September 2020. pp. 21-32
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

본 연구에서는 포항 액상화 현상 발생 현장에서 채취한 모래를 사용하여 진동삼축시험 및 전단파 속도 측정을 수행하였으며, 시험결과를 기반으로 액상화 저항곡선을 도출하여 액상화 저항강도(CRR)를 산정하였다. 전단파 속도는 지진 발생 전 현장상태를 모사하고자 압밀 단계 종료 시점에서 측정한 값을 활용하였다. 시험을 통해 액상화 저항강도에 대한 두 가지 인자(입도분포, 상대밀도)의 영향을 확인하였으며 기존 문헌에서 제시된 타 사질토의 액상화 저항강도와의 비교를 통해 포항 모래의 액상화 저항강도를 정량적으로 평가하였다. 또한, 측정한 전단파 속도를 활용하여 실제 현장에서 사용되는 액상화 평가 곡선과의 비교를 통해 시험 결과의 신뢰성을 확인하였다.

In this study, series of cyclic triaxial tests and shear velocity measurement were conducted using Pohang sand, which was taken from liquefaction observed area, to verify the liquefaction characteristics of Pohang. The cyclic resistance ratio(CRR) was derived based on the test results. A specimen was reconstituted into 40% and 80% relative density conditions and then a series of cyclic triaxial tests and shear-wave velocity measurement were conducted. As a result, the effect of particle distribution and relative density to liquefaction resistance was verified. The liquefaction resistance of Pohang sand was evaluated by comparing with other liquefaction resistance of sands from previous research. In addition, the liquefaction resistance curve from field observation data was used to verify the reliability of results from this study by measured shear-wave velocity.

Keywords
CTX test
Cyclic resistance ratio
Liquefaction
Shear wave velocity

References
1
Andrus, R. D. and Stokoe II, K. H. (2000), "Liquefaction Resistance of Soils from Shear-wave Velocity", Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, Vol.126, No.11, pp.1015-1025.
10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:11(1015)
2
ASTM International (2013), D5311/D5311M-13, Standard Test Method for Load Controlled Triaxial Strength of Soil, West Conshohocken, PA.
3
Boulanger, R. W. and Idriss, I. M. (2014), "CPT and SPT based liquefaction triggering procedures", Report No. UCD/CGM.-14, 1.
4
Chang, W.-J. and Hong, M.-L. (2008), "Effects of Clay Content on Liquefaction Characteristics of Gap-Graded Clayey Sands", Soils and Foundations, Vol.48, No.1, pp.101-114.
10.3208/sandf.48.101
5
Hardin, B. O. and Drnevich, V. P. (1972), "Shear Modulus and Damping in Soils: Measurement and Parameter Effects", Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Div, Vol. 98, No. sm6.
6
Idriss, I. and Boulanger, R. W. (2008), Soil liquefaction during earthquakes, Earthquake engineering research institute.
7
Ishihara, K., Sodekawa, M., and Tanaka, Y. (1978), "Effects of overconsolidation on liquefaction characteristics of sands containing fines", Dynamic geotechnical testing, ASTM International.
8
Ishihara, K. (1993), "Liquefaction and Flow Failure during Earthquakes", Geotechnique, Vol.43, No.3, pp.351-451.
10.1680/geot.1993.43.3.351
9
Ishihara, K. (1996), Soil behavior in earthquake geotechnics, The Oxford engineering science series.
10
Jiaer, W. U., Kammerer, A. M., Riemer, M. F., Seed, R. B., and Pestana, J. m. (2004), "Laboratory Study of Liquefaction Triggering Criteria", 13th world conference on earthquake engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Paper, No. 2580.
11
Kramer, S.L. (1996), Geotechnical earthquake engineering, Prentice Hall.
12
Lee, J. S. and Lee, C. H. (2006), "Principles and Considerations of Bender Element Tests", Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.22, No.5, pp.47-57.
13
Lee, J., Yun, T. S., Lee, D., and Lee, J. (2013), "Assessment of K0 Correlation to Strength for Granular Materials", Soils and Foundations, Vol.53, No.4, pp.584-595.
10.1016/j.sandf.2013.06.009
14
Liu, A.H., Stewart, J.P., Abrahamson, N.A., and Moriwaki, Y. (2001), "Equivalent Number of Uniform Stress Cycles for Soil Liquefaction Analysis", Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol.127, No.12, pp.1017-1026.
10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:12(1017)
15
Lohani, T. N., Imai, G., and Shibuya, S. (1999), "Determination of Shear Wave Velocity in Bender Element Test", Proc., 2nd Int. Earthquake Geotech. Eng. Conf., Seco and Pinto, eds., Lisboa, Portugal, pp.101-106.
16
Mandokhail, S.J., Park D., Kim, H., and Park, K.C. (2016), "Cyclic Simple Shear Test based Design Liquefaction Resistance Curve of Granular Soil", Journal of the Korean geotechnical Society, Vol.32, No.6, pp.49-59.
10.7843/kgs.2016.32.6.49
17
National Research Council (NRC) (1985), Liquefaction of soils during earthquakes, National Academy Press., Washington, D.C.
18
Park, S.S., Kim, Y.S., and Kim, S.H. (2011), "Cyclic Shear Characteristics of Nakdong River Sand Containing Fines with Varying Plasticity", KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol.31, No.3C, pp.93-102."
19
Park, S.S., Nong, Z., Choi, S.G. and Moon, H.D. (2018), "Liquefaction Resistance of Pohang Sand", Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.34, No.9, pp.5-17.
20
Robertson, P. K. and Wride, C. E. (1998), "Evaluating Cyclic Liquefaction Potential Using the Cone Penetration Test", Canadian geotechnical journal, Vol.35, No.3, pp.442-459.
10.1139/t98-017
21
Santamarina, J. C. and Cho, G. C. (2001), "Determination of Critical State Parameters in Sandy Soils-simple Procedure", Geotechnical testing journal, Vol.24, No.2, pp.185-192.
10.1520/GTJ11338J
22
Seed, B. and Lee, K. L. (1966), "Liquefaction of Saturated Sands during Cyclic Loading", Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Div, 92(ASCE# 4972 Proceeding).
23
Seed, B. (1979), "Soil Liquefaction and Cyclic Mobility Evaluation for Level Ground During Earthquakes", Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 105(ASCE 14380).
24
Seed, H. B. and Idriss, I. M. (1971), "Simplified Procedure for Evaluating Soil Liquefaction Potential", Journal of Soil Mechanics & Foundations Div.
25
Seed, H. B., Idriss, I. M., and Arango, I. (1983), "Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential Using Field Performance Data", Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol.109, No.3, pp.458-482.
10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:3(458)
26
Seed, H. B., Tokimatsu, K., Harder, L. F., and Chung, R. M. (1985), "The Influence of SPT Procedures in Soil Liquefaction Resistance Evaluations", Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 111, No. 12, pp.1425-1445.
10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:12(1425)
27
Stark, T. D. and Olson, S. M. (1995), "Liquefaction Resistance Using CPT and Field Case Histories", Journal of geotechnical engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp.856-869.
10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1995)121:12(856)
28
Skempton, A. W. (1954), "The Pore-pressure Coefficients A and B", Geotechnique, Vol.4, No.4, pp.143-147.
10.1680/geot.1954.4.4.143
29
Tokimatsu, K. and Yoshimi, Y. (1983), "Empirical Correlation of Soil Liquefaction based on SPT N-value and Fines Content", Soils and Foundations, Vol.23, No.4, pp.56-74.
10.3208/sandf1972.23.4_56
30
Vaid, Y. P. and Sivathayalan, S. (1996), "Static and Cyclic Liquefaction Potential of Fraser Delta Sand in Simple Shear and Triaxial Tests", Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.33, No.2, pp.281-289.
10.1139/t96-007
31
Yamazaki, H., K. Zen, and F. Koike (1998), Study of the Liquefaction Prediction Based on the Grain Distribution and the SPT N-value, Technical Note of PHRI, No. 914.
32
Yoo, J. K. and Park, D. (2015), "Shear Strength Estimation of Clean Sands via Shear Wave Velocity", Journal of Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.31, No.9, pp.17-27.
10.7843/kgs.2015.31.9.17
33
Yoon, Y., Yoon, G., and Choi, J. (2007), "Liquefaction Strength of Shelly Sand in Cyclic Simple Shear Test", Journal of Korean Geo-Environmental Society, Vol.8, No.6, pp.69-76.
34
Yoshimi, Y., Tokimatsu, K., and Hosaka, Y. (1989), "Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Clean Sands based on High-quality Undisturbed Samples", Soils and Foundations, Vol.29, No.1, pp.93-104.
10.3208/sandf1972.29.93
35
Youd, T. L. and Idriss, I. M. (2001), "Liquefaction Resistance of Soils: Summary Report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/ NSF Workshops on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils", Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, Vol.127, No.4, pp.297-313.
10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:4(297)
Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Geotechnical Society
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국지반공학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국지반공학회 논문집
  • Volume : 36
  • No :9
  • Pages :21-32
  • Received Date : 2020-08-07
  • Revised Date : 2020-09-07
  • Accepted Date : 2020-09-15
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2020.36.9.21
Journal Informaiton Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
Archives
: Vol.23~28 (2007~2012)
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close