Almajed, A., Tirkolaei, H. K., Kavazanjian, E., and Hamdan, N. (2019), “Enzyme Induced Biocementated Sand with High Strength at Low Carbonate Content”, Scientific Reports, Vol.9, No.1, pp.1135, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-38361-1.
10.1038/s41598-018-38361-130718723PMC6362242Briaud, J. L., Ting, F. C. K., Chen, H. C., Cao, Y., Han, S. W., and Kwak, K. W. (2001), “Er1osion Function Apparatus for Scour Rate Predictions”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol.127, No.2, pp.105-113, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:2(105).
10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:2(105)Carré, C., Zanibellato, A., Achgare, N., Mahieux, P.-Y., Turcry, P., Jeannin, M., and Sabot, R. (2020a), “Electrochemical Limestone Synthesis in Seawater Binds Metal Grids and Sediments for Coastal Protection”, Environmental Chemistry Letters, Vol.18, No.5, pp.1685-1692, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01019-4.
10.1007/s10311-020-01019-4Carré, C., Zanibellato, A., Jeannin, M., Sabot, R., Gunkel-Grillon, P., and Serres, A. (2020b), “Electrochemical Calcareous Deposition in Seawater. A review”, Environmental Chemistry Letters, Vol.18, No.4, pp.1193-1208, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01002-z.
10.1007/s10311-020-01002-zChoo, H., Zhao, Q., Burns, S. E., Sturm, T. W., and Hong, S. H. (2020), “Laboratory and Theoretical Evaluation of Impact of Packing Density, Particle Shape, and Uniformity Coefficient on Erodibility of Coarse-grained Soil Particles”, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Vol.45, No.7, pp.1499-1509, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4825.
10.1002/esp.4825Cooke, S. J., Bergman, J. N., Nyboer, E. A., Reid, A. J., Gallagher, A. J., Hammerschlag, N., Van de Riet, K., and Vermaire, J. C. (2020), “Overcoming the Concrete Conquest of Aquatic Ecosystems”, Biological Conservation, Vol.247, No.1, pp.108589, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108589.
10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108589DeJong, J. T., Mortensen, B. M., Martinez, B. C., and Nelson, D. C. (2010), “Bio-mediated Soil Improvement”, Ecological Engineering, Vol.36, No.2, pp.197-210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.12.029.
10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.12.029Devi, N., Gong, X., Shoji, D., Wagner, A., Guerini, A., Zampini, D., Lopez, J., and Rotta Loria, A. F. (2025), “Electrodeposition of Carbon-Trapping Minerals in Seawater for Variable Electrochemical Potentials and Carbon Dioxide Injections”, Advanced Sustainable Systems, Vol.9, No.3, pp.2400943, https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202400943.
10.1002/adsu.202400943Devi, N., Wagner, A., Lopez, J., Guerini, A., Zampini, D., and Rotta Loria, A. F. (2024), “Mechanistic Insights into Electrodeposition in Seawater at Variable Electrochemical Potentials”, Advanced Sustainable Systems, Vol.8, No.4, pp.2300446, https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202300446.
10.1002/adsu.202300446Dugan, J. E., Emery, K. A., Alber, M., Alexander, C. R., Byers, J. E., Gehman, A. M., McLenaghan, N., and Sojka, S. E. (2018), “Generalizing Ecological Effects of Shoreline Armoring Across Soft Sediment Environments”, Estuaries and Coasts, Vol.41, No.1, pp.180-196, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-017-0254-x.
10.1007/s12237-017-0254-xFan, J., Wang, D., and Qian, D. (2018), “Soil-cement Mixture Properties and Design Considerations for Reinforced Excavation”, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Vol.10, No.4, pp.791-797, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.03.004.
10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.03.004Gebauer, D., Völkel, A., and Cölfen, H. (2008), “Stable Prenucleation Calcium Carbonate Clusters”, Science, Vol.322, No.5909, pp.1819-1822, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164271.
10.1126/science.1164271Groot, M. B. d., Kudella, M., Meijers, P., and Oumeraci, H. (2006), “Liquefaction Phenomena Underneath Marine Gravity Structures Subjected to Wave Loads”, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, Vol.132, No.4, pp.325-335, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2006)132:4(325).
10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2006)132:4(325)Guan, D.-w., Xie, Y.-x., Yao, Z.-s., Chiew, Y.-M., Zhang, J.-s., and Zheng, J.-h. (2022), “Local Scour at Offshore Windfarm Monopile Foundations: A Review”, Water Science and Engineering, Vol.15, No.1, pp.29-39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2021.12.006.
10.1016/j.wse.2021.12.006Harmesa, Wahyudi, A. a. J., Lestari, and Taufiqurrahman, E. (2022), “Variability of Trace Metals in Coastal and Estuary: Distribution, Profile, and Drivers”, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol.174, No.1, pp.113173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113173.
10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113173He, H., Xiong, X., Wu, T., Hu, R., Chen, Y.-F., and Yang, Z. (2025), “Pore-scale Study of Particle Transport and Clogging Mechanisms in a Porous Micromodel”, Separation and Purification Technology, Vol.362, No.1, pp.131929, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.131929.
10.1016/j.seppur.2025.131929Ho, T.-O., Tsang, D. C. W., Chen, W.-B., and Yin, J.-H. (2020), “Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Contaminated Sediment Column Stabilized by Deep Cement Mixing”, Chemosphere, Vol.261, No.1, pp.127755, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127755.
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127755Huang, L., Bao, D., Jiang, Y., Regenauer-Lieb, K., Zheng, Y., and Qiao, S.-Z. (2025), “The Utilization of Ions in Seawater for Electrocatalysis”, National Science Review, Vol.12, No.12, pp.nwaf461, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaf461.
10.1093/nsr/nwaf46141368468PMC12684175Jeng, D.-S., Zhang, J., and Kirca, Ö. (2020), “Coastal Geohazard and Offshore Geotechnics”, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, Vol.8, No.12, pp.1011, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8121011.
10.3390/jmse8121011Joshi, P., Khosravi, M., Phillips, A., Cunningham, A., Rahn, J., Olds, S., Carter, M., and Gupta, M. (2026), “Influence of Particle Size and Curing Temperature on the Strength of Sand Treated with Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol.152, No.2, pp.04025187, https://doi.org/10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-13574.
10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-13574Jun, W., Lee, U. C., and Jung, J. (2025), “Liquefaction Resistance of Loose Sand and Eco-Friendly Reinforcement Materials (GeoCem)”, Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.41, No.5, pp.131-141, https://doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2025.41.5.131.
10.7843/kgs.2025.41.5.131Ke, L. and Takahashi, A. (2012), “Strength Reduction of Cohesionless Soil due to Internal Erosion Induced by One-dimensional Upward Seepage Flow”, Soils and Foundations, Vol.52, No.4, pp.698-711, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.07.010.
10.1016/j.sandf.2012.07.010Kou, H.-l., Wu, C.-z., Ni, P.-p., and Jang, B.-A. (2020), “Assessment of Erosion Resistance of Biocemented Sandy Slope Subjected to Wave Actions”, Applied Ocean Research, Vol.105, No.1, pp.102401, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2020.102401.
10.1016/j.apor.2020.102401Kwon, Y.-M., Cho, G.-C., Chung, M.-K., and Chang, I. (2021), “Surface Erosion behavior of Biopolymer-treated River Sand”, Geomechanics and Engineering, Vol.25, No.1, pp.49, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2021.25.1.049.
10.12989/gae.2021.25.1.049Kwon, Y.-M., Ham, S.-M., Kwon, T.-H., Cho, G.-C., and Chang, I. (2020), “Surface-erosion behaviour of Biopolymer-treated Soils Assessed by EFA”, Géotechnique Letters, Vol.10, No.2, pp.106-112, https://doi.org/10.1680/jgele.19.00106.
10.1680/jgele.19.00106Kwon, Y.-M., Macias, A. L., and Loria, A. F. R. (2026), “Cementing Marine Sands Wetted with Chemically Distinct Seawaters via Electrodeposition”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol.152, No.7, pp.04026040, https://doi.org/10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-14770.
10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-14770Kwon, Y.-M., and Rotta Loria, A. F. (2024), “Electrochemical Cementation of Granular Materials with Different Fabric”, Applied Materials Today, Vol.38, No.1, pp.102235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2024.102235.
10.1016/j.apmt.2024.102235Landivar Macias, A., Jacobsen, S. D., and Rotta Loria, A. F. (2024), “Electrodeposition of Calcareous Cement from Seawater in Marine Silica Sands”, Communications Earth & Environment, Vol.5, No.1, pp.442, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01604-3.
10.1038/s43247-024-01604-3Liang, X., He, C., Feng, K., Wang, C., Zhang, J., Liang, L., Jiang, W., and Zhang, S. (2026), “Grout Performance Evaluation and Grouting Effectiveness in Non-underwater and Underwater Environments”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol.168, No.1, pp.107182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2025.107182.
10.1016/j.tust.2025.107182Maltseva, A., Shkirskiy, V., Lefèvre, G., and Volovitch, P. (2019), “Effect of pH on Mg(OH)2 Film Evolution on Corroding Mg by in Situ Kinetic Raman Mapping (KRM)”, Corrosion Science, Vol.153, No.1, pp.272-282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.03.024.
10.1016/j.corsci.2019.03.024Marion, G. M., Millero, F. J., Camões, M. F., Spitzer, P., Feistel, R., and Chen, C. T. A. (2011), “pH of Seawater”, Marine Chemistry, Vol.126, No.1, pp.89-96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2011.04.002.
10.1016/j.marchem.2011.04.002Mentaschi, L., Vousdoukas, M. I., Pekel, J.-F., Voukouvalas, E., and Feyen, L. (2018), “Global Long-term Observations of Coastal Erosion and Accretion”, Scientific Reports, Vol.8, No.1, pp.12876, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30904-w.
10.1038/s41598-018-30904-w30150698PMC6110794Niu, Y.-Q., Liu, J.-H., Aymonier, C., Fermani, S., Kralj, D., Falini, G., and Zhou, C.-H. (2022), “Calcium Carbonate: Controlled Synthesis, Surface Functionalization, and Nanostructured Materials”, Chemical Society reviews, Vol.51, No.18, pp.7883-7943, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CS00519G.
10.1039/D1CS00519GRotta Loria, A. F., Landivar Macias, A., and Kwon, Y.-M. Cementing Soils via Electrodeposition. Proc., Geotechnical Frontiers 2025, pp.11-19, https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784485996.002.
10.1061/9780784485996.002Rotta Loria, A. F., Shirole, D., Volpatti, G., Guerini, A., and Zampini, D. (2023), “Engineering Concrete Properties and behavior through Electrodeposition: A Review”, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol.53, No.2, pp.193-215, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-022-01770-2.
10.1007/s10800-022-01770-2Roy, N., Frost, J. D., and Terzis, D. (2023), “3-D Contact and Pore Network Analysis of MICP Cemented Sands”, Granular Matter, Vol.25, No.4, pp.62, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-023-01347-6.
10.1007/s10035-023-01347-6Sankar, M. S., Dash, P., Lu, Y., Hu, X., Mercer, A. E., Wickramarathna, S., Beshah, W. T., Sanders, S. L., Arslan, Z., Dyer, J., and Moorhead, R. J. (2022), “Seasonal Changes of Trace Elements, Nutrients, Dissolved Organic Matter, and Coastal Acidification Over the Largest Oyster Reef in the Western Mississippi Sound, USA”, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol.195, No.1, pp.175, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10719-z.
10.1007/s10661-022-10719-zShirole, D., Volpatti, G., Guerini, A., Zampini, D., Cusatis, G., and Rotta Loria, A. F. (2023), “Effects of Electrodeposition in Concrete Mediated by Electric Currents of Variable Polarity”, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.172, No.1, pp.107254, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107254.
10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107254Singh, J. K., Kumar, P., and Vishwakarma, S. (2022), “Multivariate and Statistical Evaluation of Coastal Water Quality and Seasonal Variation in the Physicochemical Properties of Gulf of Khambhat Region, Gujarat, India”, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, Vol.233, No.9, pp.358, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05799-z.
10.1007/s11270-022-05799-zSong, J. Y., Ha, S. J., Jang, J. W., and Yun, T. S. (2020), “Analysis of Improved Shear Stiffness and Strength for Sandy Soils Treated by EICP”, Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.36, No.1, pp.17-28, https://doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2020.36.1.17.
10.7843/kgs.2020.36.1.17Sumer, B. M., Whitehouse, R. J. S., and Tørum, A. (2001), “Scour Around Coastal Structures: A Summary of Recent Research”, Coastal Engineering, Vol.44, No.2, pp.153-190, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3839(01)00024-2.
10.1016/S0378-3839(01)00024-2Vousdoukas, M. I., Ranasinghe, R., Mentaschi, L., Plomaritis, T. A., Athanasiou, P., Luijendijk, A., and Feyen, L. (2020), “Sandy Coastlines under Threat of Erosion”, Nature Climate Change, Vol.10, No.3, pp.260-263, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0697-0.
10.1038/s41558-020-0697-0Wang, Y., Liu, J., Chen, Y., Dong, Y., Liu, Z., Song, Z., and Ma, X. (2024), “Strength Assessment of Sand Stabilized with Synthetic Polymer and Natural Fibers”, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, Vol.83, No.6, pp.214, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-024-03716-8.
10.1007/s10064-024-03716-8Xu, Q., Chen, D., Xiong, J., He, X., Dong, S., Ma, L., Hai, C., Zhou, Y., and Sun, Y. (2025), “A Comprehensive Review of Advances in Magnesium-Based Cementitious Materials: Hydration, Properties, and Applications in Soil Stabilization”, Materials, Vol.18, No.16, pp.3806, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18163806.
10.3390/ma1816380640870126PMC12387532Xu, Y., Huang, Y., Yang, D., Kunte, H. J., De Marco, R., and Wang, X. (2021), “Investigation of the Calcareous Deposits Formation Controlled by Interfacial pH and its Effect on the Hydrogen Entry into AISI 4135 Steel in Seawater”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol.46, No.7, pp.5824-5841, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.11.040.
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.11.040Yan, J. F., Nguyen, T. V., White, R. E., and Griffin, R. B. (1993), “Mathematical Modeling of the Formation of Calcareous Deposits on Cathodically Protected Steel in Seawater”, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol.140, No.3, pp.733-741, https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2056150.
10.1149/1.2056150Yang, Y., Scantlebury, J. D., and Koroleva, E. V. (2015), “A Study of Calcareous Deposits on Cathodically Protected Mild Steel in Artificial Seawater”, Metals, Vol.5, No.1, pp.439-456, https://doi.org/10.3390/met5010439.
10.3390/met5010439Yao, C., Wang, X., Zhang, W., Xia, W., Chen, Z., and Han, B. (2023), “Formation of Calcareous Deposits in the Tidal Zone and its Effect on Cathodic Protection”, npj Materials Degradation, Vol.7, No.1, pp.30, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-023-00340-x.
10.1038/s41529-023-00340-xYasuhara, K., Murakami, S., Mimura, N., Komine, H., and Recio, J. (2007), “Influence of Global Warming on Coastal Infrastructural Instability”, Sustainability Science, Vol.2, No.1, pp.13-25, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-006-0015-4.
10.1007/s11625-006-0015-4Zhang, G., Tegladza, I. D., Fan, Y., Dai, H., Wang, M., and Lu, J. (2023), “Multi-dimensional Modeling of H+ and OH− Mass Transfer during Soil Electro-kinetic Remediation”, Journal of Soils and Sediments, Vol.23, No.8, pp.3124-3136, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03531-w.
10.1007/s11368-023-03531-wZhang, J., Kattner, G., and Koch, B. P. (2019), “Interactions of Trace Elements and Organic Ligands in Seawater and Implications for Quantifying Biogeochemical Dynamics: A Review”, Earth-Science Reviews, Vol.192, No.1, pp.631-649, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.03.007.
10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.03.007Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, Z., Yu, E., Ye, H., Li, Z., Guo, X., Zhou, D., Wang, C., Sha, Q., and Kuang, Y. (2024), “A Review of Hydrogen Production via Seawater Electrolysis: Current Status and Challenges”, Catalysts, Vol.14, No.10, pp.691, https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14100691.
10.3390/catal14100691- Publisher :The Korean Geotechnical Society
- Publisher(Ko) :한국지반공학회
- Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
- Journal Title(Ko) :한국지반공학회 논문집
- Volume : 42
- No :4
- Pages :191-207
- Received Date : 2026-07-21
- Revised Date : 2026-08-10
- Accepted Date : 2026-08-13
- DOI :https://doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2026.42.4.191


Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society







