An Experimental Study on Determination of Dry Density of Sand Mixed with Gravels

Sung-Sik Park; Sun-Gyu Choi

doi:10.7843/kgs.2013.29.7.37

All Issue

2013 Vol.29, Issue 7 Preview Page Next Page

An Experimental Study on Determination of Dry Density of Sand Mixed with Gravels 자갈 섞인 모래의 건조밀도 계산에 관한 실험 연구

31 July 2013. pp. 37-46

PDF XML

Abstract

Various sizes of gravels are included in the most field soils that are utilized for civil constructions. Especially, the small amounts of gravel are often included in selected soils for backfill materials, earth dams, and subbase ground. In such cases, the small amounts of mixed gravel and its shape may influence the determination of dry density of soils, which results in an inaccurate degree of compaction for soils in the field. In this study, a dry density of sand with various gravel contents (0, 10, 17, 23, 29 and 33%) and three different sizes (2.0-2.36, 3.35-4.75, 5.6-10.0 mm) was experimentally investigated for compacted or loosely packed conditions. The loosely packed sand with gravels was simulated by pouring sand into compaction mould and its density was determined. When a 33% of gravel content was mixed with sand, its dry density increased up to 15-20% for compacted specimen and 20-23% for loosely packed specimen. When a gravel content and size were the same, a dry density of compacted specimen was 0.1-0.16 g/cm³ higher than that of loosely packed specimen. Even though the same gravel content was used, a dry density of sand with big gravels was 0.04-0.08 g/cm³ higher than that of sand with small gravels for compacted specimen and 0.03-0.05 g/cm³ for loosely packed specimen.

Keywords

Gravel content

Gravel size

Sand

Dry density

Compaction

실제 토목현장에 사용되는 토사에는 크고 작은 자갈이 포함된 경우가 많으며, 특히 도로 노반공사, 흙댐, 옹벽 뒤채움재 등에 사용되는 양질의 토사에도 소량의 자갈이 포함되어 있는 경우가 많다. 이럴 경우 소량의 자갈이지만 자갈의 함유량이나 크기에 따라 흙의 건조밀도가 크게 달라질 수 있으며, 이는 건조밀도를 이용한 다짐도 평가를 부정확하게 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 낙동강 모래에 크기가 다른 세 종류(2.0-2.36, 3.35-4.75, 5.6-10.0mm)의 자갈을 이용하여 자갈 함유량을 0, 10, 17, 23, 29, 33%로 달리하면서 다짐몰드 내에 다짐하거나 느슨하게 공시체를 제작한 다음 자갈 섞인 공시체의 건조밀도 변화를 실험적으로 연구하였다. 자갈 함유량이 33%까지 증가함에 따라 최대건조밀도(또는 건조밀도)는 자갈의 크기에 따라 다짐된 공시체의 경우 15-20%, 느슨한 공시체의 경우 20-23%까지 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 자갈 함유량과 크기가 동일한 경우 느슨한 공시체보다 다짐한 공시체의 건조밀도가 0.1-0.16g/cm³ 정도 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 자갈 함유량은 동일하지만 작은 자갈(2.0-2.36mm)을 사용한 경우보다 큰 자갈(5.6-10.0mm)을 사용한 경우의 건조밀도가 다짐한 공시체의 경우는 0.04-0.08g/cm³, 느슨한 공시체의 경우는 0.03-0.05g/cm³ 정도 증가하였다.

References

1.Anon (1988), Construction Testing of Embankment Materials Containing Large Particles, US Committee on Large Dams, Denver, Co.

2.ASTM D4718 (2001), Standard Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and Water Content for Soils Containing Oversize Particles, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.04.08, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, pp.895-897.

3.Chik, Z. and Vallejo, L.E. (2005), “Characterization of the angle of repose of binary granular materials”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.42, pp.683-692.

4.Chinkulkijniwat, A., Man-Koksung, E., Uchaipichat, A., and Horpibulsuk, S. (2010), “Compaction characteristics of non-gravel and gravelly soils using a small compaction apparatus”, Journal of ASTM International, Vol.7, No.7, pp.1-15.

5.Day, R.W. (1989), “Relative compaction of fill having oversize particles”, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol.115(10), pp. 1487-1491.

6.Garga, V.K. and Madureira, C.J. (1985), “Compaction characteristics of river terrace gravel”, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 111(8), pp.987-1007.

7.Gutierrez, J.J., Vallejo, L.E., and Garcia, C.I. (2009), “The hydraulic conductivity of sands with dispersed oversized particles”, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, pp.163-166.

8.Head, K.H. (1984), Manual of Soil Laboratory Testing: Volume 1. Soil Classification and Compaction tests, Pentech. London.

9.Hwang, S. C. and Oh, B. H. (2005), “The compaction characteristics analysis of domestic river sands”, Journal of the Korean Society of Road Engineers, Vol.7(4), pp.31-39.

10.Kim, B. C. (2008), The effect on soil compaction characteristics of embankment material by fine grained soil contents, Master thesis, Chonbuk National University.

11.KS F 2312 (2011), Standard Test Method For Soil Compaction Using A Rammer, Korean Industrial Standards.

12.Park, S. S. (2011), “A study on strength characteristics of sand- gravel mixture”, Journal of Korean Geo-environmental Society, Vol.12(5), pp.13-19.

13.Park, S. S. and Kim, Y. S. (2011), “Effect of gravel size on shear behavior of sand with dispersed gravels”, Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, Vol.31(1C), pp.39-51.

14.Park, S. S., Kim, Y. S., and Sung, H. Y. (2010), “Undrained shear behavior of sand with dispersed gravels”, Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, Vol.30(5C), pp.209-218.

15.Vallejo, L.E. (2001), “Interpretation of the limits in shear strength in binary granular mixtures”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.38, pp.1097-1104.

16.Vallejo, L.E. and Lobo-Guerrero, S. (2005), “The elastic moduli of clays with dispersed oversized particles”, Engineering Geology, Vol.78, pp.163-171.

17.Vallejo, L.E. and Mawby, R. (2000), “Porosity influence on the shear strength of granular material-clay mixtures”, Engineering Geology, Vol.58, pp.125-136.

18.Winter, M. G., Holmgeirsdottir, Th., and Suhardi (1998), “The Effect of Large Particles on Acceptability determination for Earthworks Compaction,” Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, Vol.31, 1998, pp.247-268.

Information

Publisher :The Korean Geotechnical Society
Publisher(Ko) :한국지반공학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
Journal Title(Ko) :한국지반공학회 논문집
Volume : 29
No :7
Pages :37-46
Received Date : 2013-04-09
Revised Date : 2013-06-03
Accepted Date : 2013-06-17
DOI :https://doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2013.29.7.37

Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society ISSN:1229-2427(Print) 2288-646X(Online) 한국지반공학회 논문집

All Issue