All Issue

2021 Vol.37, Issue 12 Preview Page
Evaluation of Seismic Performance of Pile-supported Wharves Installed in Saturated Sand through Response Spectrum Analysis and Dynamic Centrifuge Model Test

동적원심모형실험 및 응답스펙트럼해석을 통한 포화지반에 관입된 잔교식 안벽의 내진성능 평가

Jung-Won Yun1
,
Jin-Tae Han2
,
Seokhyung Lee3*
윤 정원1
,
한 진태2
,
이 석형3*
1Member, Assistance Prof., Dept. of Civil Engrg., Korea Army Academy at Yeongcheon
2Member, Research Fellow, Dept. of Geotechnical Engrg. Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engrg. and Building Technology
3Member, Postdoctoral Researcher, Dept. of Geotechnical Engrg. Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engrg. and Building Technology
1정회원, 육군3사관학교 건설공학과 조교수
2정회원, 한국건설기술연구원 지반연구본부 연구위원
3정회원, 한국건설기술연구원 지반연구본부 박사후연구원
*Corresponding Author
31 December 2021. pp. 71-87
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

Pile-supported wharf is a structure that can transmit and receive cargo, and it is mainly installed on saturated inclined ground. In the seismic design of these structures, the codes suggest using the response spectrum analysis method as a preliminary design method. However, guideline on modeling method for pile-supported wharf installed in saturated soil is lacking. Therefore, in this study, the dynamic centrifuge model test and response spectrum analysis were performed to evaluate the seismic performance of pile-supported wharf installed into the saturated soil. For the test, some sections (3×3 pile group) among the pile-supported wharf were selected, and they were classified into two model (dry and saturated sand model). Then the response spectrum analysis was performed by using the soil spring method to the test model. As a result of test and analysis, the moment difference occurred within a maximum of 51% in the dry sand model and the saturated sand model where liquefaction does not occur, and it was found that the pile moment by depth was properly simulated. Therefore, in the case of these models, it is appropriate to perform the modeling using the Terzaghi (1955) constant of horizontal subgrade reaction (nh).

Keywords
Dynamic centrifuge model test
Elastic soil spring
Pile-supported wharf
Response spectrum analysis
Saturated sand

잔교식 구조물은 선박을 안전하게 접안하여 화물을 송수신할 수 있는 구조물로서, 포화된 경사지반에 주로 설치된다. 이러한 잔교식 구조물의 내진설계 시 기준서에서는 예비 설계 방법으로 응답스펙트럼해석법을 활용하도록 제시하고 있으나, 현재 포화지반에 관입된 잔교식 구조물의 모델링 방법에 대한 지침은 부족한 실정이다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 포화지반에 관입된 잔교식 구조물의 내진성능을 평가하기 위해 동적원심모형실험 및 응답스펙트럼해석을 수행하였다. 동적원심모형실험을 위해 잔교식 안벽 말뚝 중 일부 구간(3×3 군말뚝)을 선정하였으며, 지반 포화 여부에 따라 2가지 모델(건조, 포화)로 분류하였다. 이후 실험 모델에 지반 스프링 방법을 적용하여 응답스펙트럼해석을 수행하였다. 실험 및 해석을 비교한 결과, 건조지반 모델 및 액상화가 발생하지 않는 포화지반 모델의 경우 모멘트 차이가 최대 51% 이내로 발생하였으며, 깊이 별 모멘트를 적절히 모사하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 본 모델의 경우 Terzaghi (1955)가 제시한 수평지반반력상수를 활용하여 모델링을 수행하는 것이 적절한 것으로 판단된다.

References
1
Adamidis, O. and Madabhushi, G.S.P. (2015), "Use of Viscous Pore Fluids in Dynamic Centrifuge Modelling", International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, Vol.15, No.3, pp.141-149. 10.1680/jphmg.14.00022
2
ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineering) (2014), "Seismic Design of Piers and Wharves", American Society of Civil Engineering, USA: ASCE/COPRI 61-14.
3
CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (1998), "EN 1998-2: Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance, Part 2: Bridges", European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
4
Chen, Y. (1997), "Assessment on Pile Effective Lengths and their Effects on Design-I. Assessment", Computers & structures, Vol.62, No.2, pp 265-286. 10.1016/S0045-7949(96)00201-5
5
Chiou, J.S. and Chen, C.H. (2007), "Exact Equivalent Model for a Laterally-loaded Linear Pile-soil System", Soils and foundations, Vol.47, No.6, pp.1053-1061. 10.3208/sandf.47.1053
6
Cubrinovski, M., Kokusho, T., and Ishihara, K. (2006), "Interpretation from Large-scale Shake Table Tests on Piles Undergoing Lateral Spreading in Liquefied Soils", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol.26, No.2-4, pp 275-286. 10.1016/j.soildyn.2005.02.018
7
Dow Chemical Company (2002), "Methocel Cellulose Ethers Technical Handbook."
8
Kim, D.S., Kim, N.R., Choo, Y.W., and Cho, G.C. (2013), "A Newly Developed State-of-the-art Geotechnical Centrifuge in Korea", KSCE journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 77-84. 10.1007/s12205-013-1350-5
9
Kiureghian, A.D. (1981), "A Response Spectrum Method for Random Vibration Analysis of MDF Systems", Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, Vol.9, No.5, pp.419-435. 10.1002/eqe.4290090503
10
Lombardi, D., and Bhattacharya, S. (2016), "Evaluation of Seismic Performance of Pile‐supported Models in Liquefiable Soils", Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, Vol.45, No.6, pp. 1019-1038. 10.1002/eqe.2716
11
Lombardi, D. and Bhattacharya, S. (2016), "Evaluation of Seismic Performance of pile‐supported models in liquefiable soils", Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 1019-1038. 10.1002/eqe.2716
12
Manandhar, S., Kim, S.N., Ha, J.G., Ko, K.W., Lee, M.G., and Kim, D.S. (2020), "Liquefaction Evaluation Using Frequency Characteristics of Acceleration Records in KAIST Centrifuge Tests for LEAP", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol.140, 106332. 10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106332
13
McCullough, N.J., Dickenson, S.E., Schlechter, S.M., and Boland, J.C. (2007), "Centrifuge Seismic Modeling of Pile-supported Wharves", Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol.30, No.5, pp.349-359. 10.1520/GTJ14066
14
MOF (Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries) (1999), "Seismic Design Standards of Harbour and Port", Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Sejong, Korea (in Korean).
15
MOF (Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries) (2014), "Design Standards of Harbour and Port", Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Sejong, Korea (in Korean).
16
Nair, K., Gray, H., and Donovan, N. (1969), "Analysis of Pile Group behavior", In Performance of deep foundations, ASTM International.
17
Okamura, M. and Inoue, T. (2012), "Preparation of Fully Saturated Models for Liquefaction Study", International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, Vol.12, No.1, pp.39-46. 10.1680/ijpmg.2012.12.1.39
18
Ovesen, N.K. (1979), "The Scaling Law Relationship-panel Discussion", In Proc. 7th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 1979 (Vol.4, pp.319-323).
19
PARI (Port and Airport Research Institute) (2009), "Technical Standards and Commentaries for Port and Harbour Facilities in Japan", Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
20
PIANC (International Navigation Association) (2001), "Seismic Design Guidelines for Port Structures", International Navigation Association, Rotterdam, Netherlands. 10.1201/9780367800369
21
Schofield, A.N. (1981), "Dynamic and Earthquake Geotechnical Centrifuge Modelling", Proceedings: first international conference on recent advanced in geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics (pp.1081-1100), St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics.
22
Stewart, D.P., Chen, Y.R., and Kutter, B.L. (1998), "Experience with the Use of Methylcellulose as a Viscous Pore Fluid in Centrifuge Models", Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol.21, No.4, pp.365-369. 10.1520/GTJ11376J
23
Su, L., Dong, S.L., and Kato, S. (2006), "A New Average Response Spectrum Method for Linear Response Analysis of Structures to Spatial Earthquake Ground Motions", Engineering structures, Vol.28, No.13, pp.1835-1842. 10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.03.009
24
Taghavi, S. and Miranda, E. (2010), "Response Spectrum Method for Estimation of Peak Floor Acceleration Demand", In Improving the Seismic Performance of Existing Buildings and Other Structure, Beijing, China, pp.627-638. 10.1061/41084(364)58
25
Takahashi, A. and Takemura, J. (2005), "Liquefaction-induced Large Displacement of Pile-supported Wharf", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol.25, No.11, pp.811-825. 10.1016/j.soildyn.2005.04.010
26
Taylor, R.E. (2014), "Geotechnical Centrifuge Technology", CRC Press, London, UK.
27
Terzaghi, K. (1955), "Evalution of Conefficients of Subgrade Reaction", Geotechnique, Vol.5, No.4, pp.297-326. 10.1680/geot.1955.5.4.297
28
Tobita, T., Iai, S., von der Tann, L., and Yaoi, Y. (2011), "Application of the Generalised Scaling Law to Saturated Ground", International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, Vol.11 No.4, pp.138-155. 10.1680/ijpmg.2011.11.4.138
29
Tokimatsu, K., Suzuki, H., and Sato, M. (2005), "Effects of Inertial and Kinematic Interaction on Seismic behavior of Pile with Embedded Foundation", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol.25, No.7-10, pp.753-762. 10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.11.018
30
Yoo, M.T., Cha, S.H., Choi, J.I., Han, J.T., and Kim, M.M. (2012), "Evaluation of Dynamic Group Pile Effect in Dry Sand by Centrifuge Model Tests", Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.28, No.1, pp.67-77. 10.7843/kgs.2012.28.1.67
31
Yoo, M.T., Choi, J.I., Han, J.T., and Kim, M.M. (2013), "Dynamic py Curves for Dry Sand from Centrifuge Tests", Journal of Earthquake Engineering, Vol.17, No.7, pp.1082-1102. 10.1080/13632469.2013.801377
32
Yoo, M.T., Han, J.T., Choi, J.I., and Kwon, S.Y. (2017), "Development of Predicting Method for Dynamic Pile behavior by Using Centrifuge Tests Considering the Kinematic Load Effect", Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, Vol.15, No.3, pp.967-989. 10.1007/s10518-016-9998-0
33
Yun, J.W. (2021), "Evaluation of the Seismic Performance of Pile-supported Structure via Centrifuge Model Test and Improvement of the Response Spectrum Analysis", (Doctoral dissertation).
34
Yun, J.W. and Han, J.T. (2020), "Dynamic behavior of Pile-supported Structures with Batter Piles according to the Ground Slope through Centrifuge Model Tests", Applied Sciences, Vol.10, No.16, 5600. 10.3390/app10165600
35
Yun, J.W. and Han, J.T. (2021), "Evaluation of Soil Spring Methods for Response Spectrum Analysis of Pile-supported Structures via Dynamic Centrifuge Tests", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol.141, 106537. 10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106537
36
Yun, J.W., Han, J.T., and Kim, J.K. (2022), "Evaluation of the Virtual Fixed-point Method for Seismic Design of Pile-supported Structures", KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering (Accept). 10.1007/s12205-021-0422-1
37
Yun, J.W., Han, J.T., and Kim, S.R. (2019), "Evaluation of Virtual Fixed Points in the Response Spectrum Analysis of a Pile-supported Wharf", Géotechnique Letters, Vol.9, No.3, pp.238-244. 10.1680/jgele.19.00013
38
Zhang, S., Wei, Y., Cheng, X., Chen, T., Zhang, X., and Li, Z. (2020), "Centrifuge Modeling of Batter pile Foundations in Laterally Spreading Soil", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol.135, 106166. 10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106166
Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Geotechnical Society
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국지반공학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국지반공학회 논문집
  • Volume : 37
  • No :12
  • Pages :71-87
  • Received Date : 2021-11-22
  • Revised Date : 2021-12-13
  • Accepted Date : 2021-12-13
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2021.37.12.73
Journal Informaiton Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
Archives
: Vol.23~28 (2007~2012)
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close