Alonso, J., Garcıa-Sineriz, J.L., Bárcena, I., Alonso, M.C., Fernández Luco, L., Garcıa, J.L., and Salo, J.P. (2009), “ESDRED, Module 4 (Temporary Sealing Technology) Final Report”, Contract FI6W-CT-2004-508851, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.
Alonso, M.C., Vehmas, T., et al. (2020), “Characterization of Cebama Low-pH Reference Concrete and Assessment of its Alteration with Representative Waters in Radioactive Waste Repositories”, Applied Geochemistry, Vol.121, p.104703, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2020.104703.
10.1016/j.apgeochem.2020.104703ASTM (2019), “D4972-19: Standard Test Methods for pH of Soils”, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
Autio, J., Hassan, M.M., Karttunen, P., and Keto, P. (2013), “Backfill Design 2012”, Posiva Report 2012-15, Posiva Oy, Eurajoki, Finland.
Bodén, A. and Pettersson, S. (2011), “Development of Rock Bolt Grout and Shotcrete for Rock Support and Corrosion of Steel in Low-pH Cementitious Materials”, SKB Report R-11-08, Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co (SKB), Stockholm, Sweden.
Börgesson, L., Chijimatsu, M., Fujita, T., Nguyen, T.S., Rutqvist, J., and Jing, L. (2001), “Thermo-hydro-mechanical Characterisation of a Bentonite-based Buffer Material by Laboratory Tests and Numerical Back Analyses”, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol.38, No.1, pp.95-104, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(00)00067-8.
10.1016/S1365-1609(00)00067-8Calvo, J.G., Hidalgo, A., Alonso, C., and Luco, L.F. (2010), “Development of Low-pH Cementitious Materials for HLRW Repositories: Resistance Against Ground Waters Aggression”, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.40, No.8, pp.1290-1297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.11.008.
10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.11.008Cha, Y.H., Kim, J.S., Shin, H.O., and Choi, J.S. (2024), “Assessment of Shortterm Deterioration of Bentonite Buffer Material According to Cement-bentonite Interaction”, KAERI/TR-10303/2024.
Choi, H.J., Lee, J.Y., Kim, S.K., Kim, S.S., Kim, K.Y., Chung, J.T., Lee, M.S., Choi, J.W., and Lee, J.O. (2008), “Korean Reference HLW Disposal System. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Report”, KAERI/TR-3563.
Gang, S., Lee, D., Kim, J.S., Shin, Y., and Jung, J. (2025), “Development and Evaluation of Low-pH Concrete Plugs Suitable for High-level Radioactive Waste Repositories”, Case Studies in Construction Materials, Vol.22, e04211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04211.
10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04211Garrabrants, A.C., Kosson, D.S., Van der Sloot, H.A., Sanchez, F., and Hjelmar, O. (2010), “Background Information for the Leaching Environmental Assessment Framework (LEAF) Test Methods”, EPA-600/R-10/170, United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA).
Gaucher, E.C. and Blanc, P. (2006), “Cement/clay Interactions – A Review: Experiments, Natural Analogues, and Modeling”, Waste Management, Vol.26, No.7, pp.776-788, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.01.027.
10.1016/j.wasman.2006.01.027Grandia, F., et al. (2010), “Evaluation of Low-pH Cement Degradation in Tunnel Plugs and Seals for a Deep Repository in Crystalline Rock”, SKB TR-10-62, SKB.
Hansen, J., Korkiala-Tanttu, L., Keski-Kuha, E., and Keto, P. (2010), “Deposition Tunnel Backfill Design for a KBS-3V Repository”, Posiva Report 2009-129, Posiva Oy, Eurajoki, Finland.
Holt, E., Leivo, M., and Vehmas, T. (2014), “Low-pH Concrete Developed for Tunnel End Plugs Used in Nuclear Waste Containment”, Proceedings of the Concrete Innovation Conference, Oslo, Norway, https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2683.8721.
10.13140/2.1.2683.8721Ismadji, S., Soetaredjo, F.E., and Ayucitra, A. (2015), “Clay Materials for Environmental Remediation”, Springer International Publishing AG, Vol.1.
10.1007/978-3-319-16712-1_1Karlsson, F., Lindgren, M., Skagius, K., Wiborgh, M., and Engkvist, I. (1999), “Evolution of Geochemical Conditions in SFL 3-5”, SKB Technical Report TR-99-15, Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co (SKB), Stockholm, Sweden.
Kim, M.J., Lee, S.R., Yoon, S., Jeon, J.S., and Kim, M.S. (2018), “Effect of Thermal Properties of Bentonite Buffer on Temperature Variation”, Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.34, No.1, pp.17-24, https://doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2018.34.1.17.
10.7843/kgs.2018.34.1.17Kwon, S. (2011), “Properties of Low-pH Cement Grout as a Sealing Material for the Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste”, Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Vol.43, No.1, pp.63-76.
10.5516/NET.2011.43.5.459Lee, J.H., Lee, M.S., Choi, H.J., and Choi, J.W. (2010), “Temperature Effect on the Swelling Pressure of a Domestic Compacted Bentonite Buffer”, Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology (JNFCWT), Vol.8, No.3, pp.207-213, https://dx.doi.org/10.7733/jkrws.2013.11.1.11.
10.7733/jkrws.2013.11.1.11Luna, M., Arcos, D., and Duro, L. (2006), “Effects of Grouting, Shotcreting and Concrete Leachates on Backfill Geochemistry”, SKB Technical Report TR-06-107, Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co (SKB), Stockholm, Sweden.
Madsen, F.T. and Müller-Vonmoos, M. (1989), “The Swelling behaviour of Clays”, Applied Clay Science, Vol.4, No.2, pp.143-156, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1317(89)90005-7.
10.1016/0169-1317(89)90005-7Mattus, C.H. and Dole, L.R. (2022), “Low pH Concrete for Use in a US High-Level Waste Repository: Part II—Formulation and Tests”, Applied Sciences, Vol.12, No.3, p.1478.
Posiva (2012), “Safety Case for the Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel at Olkiluoto – Synthesis 2012”, Posiva Report 2012-12, Posiva Oy, Eurajoki, Finland.
Posiva SKB (2017), “Safety Functions, Performance Targets and Technical Design Requirements for a KBS-3V Repository”, Posiva SKB Report 01, Posiva SKB.
Pusch, R. (2006), “Mechanical Properties of Clays and Clay Minerals”, Developments in Clay Science, Vol.1, pp.247-260, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1572-4352(05)01006-8.
10.1016/S1572-4352(05)01006-8Savage, D., Walker, C., and Benbow, S. (2010), “An Analysis of Potential Changes to Barrier Components due to Interaction with a Concrete Liner in a Repository for SF/HLW in Opalinus Clay”, Nagra Working Report NAB 10-17, Nagra, Wettingen, Switzerland.
Sellin, P. and Leupin, O.X. (2013), “The Use of Clay as an Engineered Barrier in Radioactive-waste Management – A Review”, Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol.61, No.6, pp.477-498.
10.1346/CCMN.2013.0610601Takeshi. (2007), “Study on Applicability of Low Alkaline Cement in Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory Project (Contract Research)”, Technical Report JAEA-Research 2007-089, Japan Atomic Energy Agency.
Wang, W.C., Huang, W.H., Lee, M.Y., Duong, H.T.H., and Chang, Y.H. (2021b), “Standardized Procedure of Measuring the pH Value of Cement Matrix Material by Ex-situ Leaching Method (ESL)”, Crystals, Vol.11, No.4, p.436, https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11040436.
10.3390/cryst11040436Wang, Y.P., Wang, Z., Zhao, Y., Yi, F.C., and Zhu, B.L. (2021a), “Swelling Properties and Permeability of GMZ Bentonite-sand Mixtures during Different Solutions Infiltration”, Sustainability, Vol.13, No.4, p.1622, https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041622.
10.3390/su13041622Yoon, S., Hong, C.H., Kim, T., and Kim, J.S. (2021), “Evaluation of Mechanical Properties for the Compacted Bentonite Buffer Materials”, Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.37, No.10, pp.5-11, https://doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2021.37.10.5.
10.7843/kgs.2021.37.10.5Yoon, S., Jeon, J.S., Go, G.H., and Kim, G.Y. (2020), “An Evaluation of Soil-water Characteristic Curve Model for Compacted Bentonite Considering Temperature Variation”, Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.36, No.10, pp.33-39, https://doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2020.36.10.33.
10.7843/kgs.2020.36.10.33- Publisher :The Korean Geotechnical Society
- Publisher(Ko) :한국지반공학회
- Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
- Journal Title(Ko) :한국지반공학회 논문집
- Volume : 42
- No :3
- Pages :45-55
- Received Date : 2026-02-10
- Revised Date : 2026-06-03
- Accepted Date : 2026-06-22
- DOI :https://doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2026.42.3.45
Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
