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2026 Vol.42, Issue 3
A Study on the Skin Friction Characteristics of Barrette Piles at a Construction Site in Singapore

싱가포르 현장 사례를 통한 바레트말뚝의 주면마찰 특성 연구

SangIl Kim1*
,
Yongkyu Choi2
김 상일1*
,
최 용규2
1Member, Executive Director, Dept. of Construction Supervision & Management, Corporation SooSung Engineering
2Member, Executive Advisor of GTSS Corporation
1정회원, ㈜수성엔지니어링 건설사업관리부 상무
2정회원, GTSS Corporation 상임고문
*Corresponding Author
30 June 2026. pp. 7-30
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Abstract

This study analyzed bidirectional pile load tests and shaft load transfer tests conducted on 11 barrette piles at a construction site in Singapore. Normalized t–z curves were developed by normalizing the unit shaft resistance (f) and displacement (z) with the ultimate unit shaft resistance (fmax) and pile diameter (D), respectively, for clayey sand (SC) and weathered rock layers. The results showed that shaft resistance increased rapidly at small displacements (z/D < approximately 0.05) and gradually approached a plateau, indicating nonlinear mobilization behavior. Because of the variability observed within the same soil layer, upper and lower bound curves were established using an envelope approach in addition to the mean trend. Based on regression analysis of the normalized t–z curves, a logarithmic load transfer function was proposed, showing a strong correlation for the SC layer (N < 100). A quantitative relationship between the SPT N-value and the ultimate unit shaft resistance (fmax) was also established. The proposed functions can be applied in practice by denormalization to estimate the actual shaft resistance and displacement and can be incorporated into load–settlement analyses by applying them to segmented soil layers along the pile depth. This study improves conventional empirical design approaches by providing a measurement-based, practically applicable load transfer model.

Keywords
Barrette piles
Bidirectional pile load tests
Construction site in Singapore
Denormalization process
Load transfer function
Load transfer model
Normalized t–z curves
Shaft load transfer tests

본 연구는 싱가포르 현장에서 시공된 바레트 말뚝 11개 사례를 대상으로, 양방향 말뚝재하시험 및 축하중전이시험 결과를 활용하여 수행되었다. 싱가포르 현장의 점토질모래(SC)층 및 풍화암(WR)층을 대상으로 단위주면마찰력(f)과 변위(z)를 각각 극한 단위주면마찰력(fmax) 및 말뚝 직경(D)으로 정규화하여 t–z 곡선을 도출하였으며, 분석 결과 모든 지층에서 z/D < 약 0.05 구간에서 주면마찰력이 급격히 증가한 후 점진적으로 포화되는 비선형 거동이 확인되었다. 또한 동일 지층 내에서도 데이터 분산이 존재함에 따라 평균 거동과 함께 포락선(envelope) 기반의 상·하한 경계 곡선을 제시하였다. 정규화된 t–z 곡선을 기반으로 로그함수 형태의 하중전이 함수를 도출한 결과, SC층(N < 100)에서 높은 상관성이 확인되었으며, N값과 fmax 간의 관계를 통해 지반 강도와 주면마찰력 간의 정량적 상관성을 제시하였다. 제안된 하중전이 함수는 역정규화 과정을 통해 실제 단위주면마찰력 및 변위로 환산이 가능하며, 지층별 분할 적용을 통해 말뚝의 하중–침하 해석에 활용될 수 있다. 본 연구는 계측 기반 데이터를 정규화하고 이를 함수 형태로 일반화함으로써 기존 경험적 설계 방법을 보완할 수 있는 실무 적용 가능한 하중전이 모델을 제시한 데 의의가 있다.

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1

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2

Jung, C.K. (2004), Research on field application of static end loading test, PhD’s Thesis, Kyungsung University, 2004. pp. 6.

3

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Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Geotechnical Society
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국지반공학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국지반공학회 논문집
  • Volume : 42
  • No :3
  • Pages :7-30
  • Received Date : 2025-05-19
  • Revised Date : 2026-06-19
  • Accepted Date : 2026-06-22
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2026.42.3.7
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